出塞 (王昌龄)

秦时明月汉时关，

万里长征人未还。

但使龙城飞将在，

不教胡马度阴山。

To the Frontier (Wang Changling)

The moon of the Qin times still shines over the Han mountain passes,

Few men return from their faraway expeditions.

If the Flying General were still here, giving commands,

No truculent horses would dare to cross the Yin mountains.

Interpretation

The underlying tone of this poem is one that is both regretful and patriotic. In the very first line of the poem, Wang Changling references two aspects of nature that have not changed — the moon, which was still the same even from the Qin Dynasty, and the mountain passes, which had not altered since the Han Dynasty. The Qin Dynasty was the first dynasty of China, known for its building of the Great Wall, and the Han Dynasty was the second dynasty, often considered the Golden Age of Ancient China due to the strengthening of the Chinese army that allowed for a long period of peace and prosperity. Although these aspects of nature have not altered, something about the state of China has changed. What changed about China? In the second line, readers begin to feel the underlying tone of regret when Wang states that men seldom return from their expeditions. It can be inferred that the expeditions refer to some form of military expeditions or war that is ongoing in China at this time. Evidently, the change Wang refers to is the weakening of China and its downfall from the Golden Age. Why did China experience a downfall? The reason why, Wang states, is because the Flying General is no longer here. The Flying General references Li Guang, a Chinese general in the Han dynasty, whose intimidating presence often drove his enemies away. As such, it becomes clear that Wang laments over the death of General Li and the current weak state of the Chinese army. The patriotic tone shines through this entire poem; this poem reveres a man who made China invincible and laments over his ultimate death, which also seemed to bring the downfall of the Chinese army.

Sources:

Image: http://tssbsqj.cn/erge/14.html
Interpretation: http://www.chinaarchery.org/archives/249

From Meter to Meaning